Gadolinium oxide (Gd²O³) nanoparticles are renowned for their unique optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties. This article provides an extensive review of the synthesis methods, physical and chemical properties, and various applications of Gd²O³ nanoparticles. Additionally, it discusses the challenges associated with their use and outlines future research directions. 1. Introduction 1.1. Overview of Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles...